Fuel cells

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Zero Point Energy

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Renewable Energy Sources

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Fuzzy Based Economic Load Dispatch of a Thermal Plant

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Hamming Cutalg

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Geo Thermal Energy

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Fuel cells

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Renewable Energy Resources “Ocean Power-Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion”

Abstract: Is green power generation a distant dream??? Is the question that lingers in every mind of the people who are well aware of the ill-effects caused by the conventional energy sources across the globe. Electricity has a marvelous gift of being a green power as it has the option of being generated from the natural energy of wind, sun, water or from the heat of the earth underground.

In the present competitive scenario, one of the most challenging problems in the area of power production is effective utilization of clean power generation in environmentally friendly way. In order to meet the huge energy demands in the coming future, there is a need to adopt alternate strategies with a thrust on unlocking large potential energy to meet today’s energy consumption demand while continuing to pursue the goals of economic and environmental sustainability.

Our India is the greatest peninsula country in the world where we are having abundant sea shores. So an attempt in Ocean energy will help our mother India. Such an attempt to reduce the impact of pollution on environment in effective manner for co-existence of power generation with Mother Nature has been discussed.

Courtesy: N.Santhanam, Adi Parasakthi Engineering College (APEC), Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu

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Electronic Nose

Abstract: Since the beginning of internet, software developers have chosen to ignore our senses of smell and taste. In the past few years progression in chip technology and pattern recognition has made electronic noses available for use in many different areas, from pollution detection to food processing.

E-Nose is an environmental monitor that minimizes the olfactory defects .Rather than shifting the air the way a human nose does E-Nose contains 32 sensors that expand and contract depending on the elements in the air .The reaction that creates the pattern that scientists evaluate using computer software. The sensors respond to any change in air, and the responses are recorded. Matching the patterns created by a gas with patterns that have been recorded in the lab helps scientists identify the substances in the air.

In the future ,E-Nose may be used for more than monitoring air quality in space ,Researchers believe it can be developed to monitor environmental toxins and pollutants ,trace medicines and bodily functions ,process food and research toxicology ,doctors and dentists may soon be able to test a patients breath for odours that indicate a variety of health conditions.

Human noses are employed all over the world to test different products .The odours of food products such as grains ,wines, cheese are examined by human noses to determine their quality and features.

Courtesy: N.Santhanam, Adi Parasakthi Engineering College (APEC), Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu

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Bubble Power - Based on Renewable and Non-Conventional Source of Electrical Energy

Abstract: For more than half a century, thermonuclear fusion held out the promise of cheap, clean and virtual limitless energy. In an experimental research, which is not yet concluded, it is found that deuterium, a material which is abundant in ocean water, when made to tiny bubbles, which can be imploded by using sound waves, can make hydrogen nuclei fuse. This phenomenon can be called as sonofusion. This is very much useful to produce bubble power. 1 km3 of sea water could, in principle, supply the entire world’s electrical energy need for several hundred years. At one day, it becomes a revolutionary new energy source.

Courtesy: N.Santhanam, Adi Parasakthi Engineering College (APEC), Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu

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Pyrolysis - A Pioneer In Plastic Waste Recycling

Abstract: The need for efficient plastic waste disposal introduced new technologies for plastic waste treatment. Among the various technologies available, pyrolysis appears to be a technique that is able to reduce a bulky high polluting waste while producing energy and/or valuable chemical compounds.

In this paper, pyrolysis of plastic wastes with and without the use of catalysts and example of one commercial technology in use today is discussed in detail. The yields of oil and plastic monomers from each technology are compared.

At the end, the future prospects for this technology are presented and India’s progress in developing innovative technologies for plastic recycling is briefly mentioned.

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Renewable Hydrogen Production Gets Cleaner With Upgraded 20th Century Catalyst

Abstract: Concerns about the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the pollution caused by continuously increasing energy demands make hydrogen an attractive alternative energy source. Hydrogen is currently derived from nonrenewable natural gas and petroleum, but could in principle be generated from renewable resources such as biomass-derived oxygenated compounds such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, sugars and sugar alcohols or water. Chemical and biological engineers report the discovery of a nickel-tin-aluminium (Raney-NiSn) catalyst that can replace the precious metal platinum in a new, environmentally sustainable, greenhouse-gas-neutral, low-temperature, economically viable process yielding fewer contaminants for making hydrogen fuel. Using this catalyst in a single reactor aqueous phase reforming (APR) process, it is possible to generate hydrogen at temperatures near 500 K from biomass instead of 1175 K required with usual processes. This method takes advantage of the unique thermodynamic properties of these oxygenated compounds that allow complete reaction of these compounds with water to H2 and CO2. At these conditions, APR process generates hydrogen without the need to volatilize water, which represents a major energy saving compared to conventional, vapor-phase, steam-reforming processes utilizing non-renewable hydrocarbons. The APR process can be used not only on the small scale to produce fuel for portable devices, but it could also be scaled up as a hydrogen source for industrial applications.

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Studies On Zinc Sulfate Controlled Release Fertilizer Made From Fly Ash And Sand Inert Matrix

Abstract: Controlled release fertilizer of zinc sulfate micro nutrient is prepared with flyash and sand inert matrix. Particle size, fractional content of inerts and binder influenced the release rates. The release rates were found to follow zero order kinetics with respect to fractional fertilizer content in pellet. The rate constant increased with the increase in particle size, flyash fraction and decreased with binder fraction of pellet for flyash system. The rate constant increased with increase in fractional sand content while that decreased with particle size and fractional binder for sand system with in the variables covered in the present study. Correlations for rate constants with parameters covered in the study is presented here under
Zinc sulfate – Flyash – Cement system
kZFC = 5.89 fb-0.09 fi5.94 (dp/d) 0.19
Zinc sulfate – Sand – Cement system
kzsc = 0.89 fb-0.13 fi2.53 (dp/d)-0.1

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Photocatalytic Decolorization - Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solutions

Abstract: Discharge of colored waste into the water cause a negative impact on physical, chemical and biological properties of environment. Besides carcogenic effects of certain pigments or dyes or strong colors on human beings also have been reported. Thus elimination of these commercial colorants from waste water is a major environmental concern.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DECOLORATION is one of the advanced oxidation process for the destruction of polluting materials. This paper describes an undergraduate laboratory experiment on the kinetics of heterogeneous photocatalytic decolorization of methylene blue in aqueous solution. Among the advanced oxidation processes, heterogeneous photocatalysis appears as an emerging destructive technology leading to the total mineralization of most of the organic pollutants. The experimental apparatus is simple and safe and aids the o learning of Advanced Oxidation Processes, utilizing concepts of kinetics and heterogeneous catalysis.

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Environmental Engineering Oil Zapper – An Eco-Friendly Technology

Abstract: Oil emancipation intimidate public health, safety
and taint ingestion water, causes fire and explosion peril, diminishes water quality, conciliate agriculture and obliterate recreational areas. Oil spills impairs the environment by killing biota, wild and aquatic life, annihilating habitat and food, and producing toxic effects in organisms and ecosystems. If single-handed, habitually the effects can persist for years and even decades. As a result, need provokes for more cost-effective alternatives to conventional physical and chemical methods of remediation of these grimy sites. An efficiently engineered biological treatment will always be environment friendly and economically feasible. One such application is the Bioremediation technology. Based on this technology India has developed a product "Oil zapper", as an environment-friendly remedy for oil spills at sea and land. Oil zapper is carrier based (powdered corncob) efficient crude oil and oily sludge degrading bacterial consortia which can degrade petroleum sludge and treat crude oil spills. It has been proved that treating the waste by using eco-friendly process is not only beneficial for the industries but also for sustaining the natural wherewithal of the environment

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Development of Bio-ethanol Production from Waste Potatoes

Abstract: Ethanol fermented from renewable sources for fuel or fuel additives are known as bio-ethanol. Additionally, the ethanol from biomass-based waste materials is considered as bio-ethanol. Currently, there is a growing interest for ecologically sustainable bio-fuels. In Finland bio-ethanol is already used as additive in some gasoline products instead of toxic MTBE and TAME. Bio-ethanol production from potatoes is based on the utilization of waste potatoes. Waste potatoes are produced from 5-20 % of crops as by-products in potato cultivation. At present, waste potatoes are used as feedstock only in one plant in Finland. Oy Shaman Spirits Ltd in Tyrnävä (near Oulu) uses 1.5 million kilograms of waste potatoes per year. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop different analytical methods for bio-ethanol production from waste potatoes and to study the effect of potato cultivar on bio-ethanol production.

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Ozonation - An Environmentally Benign Technology For Textile Process

Abstract: Till recently, the processing cost of a textile industry did not address the cost of wastewater treatment and disposal costs. Driven by recent legislative attempts and overseas competition to establish effluent standards for color in textile effluents, the Indian textile industry is currently facing significant challenges in this accord. Previously the industries have been focusing only on improving and increasing the processing capacities of the plant through advanced machineries. Today, the situation is different. The declining quality of ground water and stringent legislation on waste disposal, increased awareness among the public on the impacts of indiscriminate disposal of liquid and solid wastes and the environment, has been forcing the industries to look for alternate, but, effective technologies which would result in less water consumption and less waste water generation. In this context ozone application in textile industry has gained much attention through out last decade attributing to its high potential in color removal at low specific dosage and at low specific optimum cost. This paper highlights the need for ozone technology to convert the challenges into opportunities, so as to enable the processing units to become profitable and competitive, without deteriorating the quality of our environment.

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A Study on Decolorization of Tannery Dye WasteWater Using Ozone

Abstract: The publics demand for co lour-free waste discharge to receiving waters has made decolorization of industrial wastes a top priority. Due to complex chemical structures of coloring compounds of natural and syntactical origins the decolorization of these wastes is a challenging task.

Biological treatment may remove color to some extent by biodegradation of dye molecules depending upon their amenability, tertiary treatment systems based on chemical or physico-chemical treatments may be necessary to get rid of the color completely satisfy the norm for discharge. Treatment with activated charcoal is followed by some industries to remove color and other impurities in the treated waste water. The use of ozone for color removal is well documented. The process essentially depends on the generation of highly reactive radicals that react with dye molecules. While O3 itself is a strong oxidizing agent , it has potential to initiate various mediated reactions. Three azo dyes (Orange GC, Blue S5RE, Red RS) of 0.25%, 0.125%,0.05% concentration were used for this study using water as medium.. The solutions of each concentration were also prepared at acidic and basic conditions by adjusting the pH with formic acid and soda ash respectively. The waste water after dyeing the leather with the above azo dyes was taken for decolorization studies.

Decolorization of these solutions with time was studied in presence of ozone. It was observed that Orange GC and Blue S5RE dyes got decolorized and Red RS did not decolorize to greater extent. Ozonation appears to be a potential decolorizing agent for dyes used in tanning industry.

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"Fuel Cells"-The Enviornment Friendly Power Mills

Abstract: Chemical energy is the inherent energy available in huge amounts for our utilization where most wanted form of energy is electrical energy. The way that we can meet the requirements of electrical energy is given by fuel cells through chemical energy by providing a fuel and an oxidant we can produce electrical energy that is used in different spheres of requirements over the world. Through fuel cells chemical energy of reactants is converted into low voltage DC electricity.

In this paper the components of fuel cells, chemical reaction steps adopted in conversion, types of fuel cells, fuel cells and their impact on environment, safety and reliability, current position and disadvantages are raised and giving rise to the beneficial adoption of fuel cell mechanism

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Seperation Process Extraction Of Oils

Abstract: In our day to day activates we come across many types of oils used for cooking, manufacture of paints, soaps etc. These even play a vital role in the production of emulsions. Where as the required properties of oil for particular usage may differ.

In general there are two types of processes involved in oil extraction. They are mechanical & solvent extractions.

In mechanical extraction we get good quality but of less quantity. Where as in solvent extraction we get good quantity but of less quality.

Good quality oils can be used for edible purpose as these have low free fatty acid (FFA) content. Where as less quality oils cannot be used for edible purpose as these have high FFA.

But many industries are using this solvent extraction process. Which mode us to relay on other countries for good quality of edible oils. If we carry out both these processes simultaneously we can get the oil of high quality & quantity in an economical manner.

The present paper deals with the process to be employed the sequence of steps& testing of oils which are produced by the above mentioned method.

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